abolic processes of AFB1 in the liver [8]. Excessive oxidation pressure and inflammation play a essential role within the toxicity metabolism of AFB1 inside the liver; as anticipated, antioxidants are an efficient solution to shield physique against toxic metabolites, oxidative strain, and inflammation [91]. Curcumin is often a form of polyphenol component derived from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn.); it performs diverse biological activities, like serving as aPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is an open access short article distributed beneath the terms and conditions of your Inventive Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ four.0/).Foods 2021, ten, 3086. doi.org/10.3390/foodsmdpi/journal/foodsFoods 2021, ten,two offree radical scavenger and antioxidant, as well as being essential in anti-inflammatory responses [124]. Studies reported that polyphenol component (resveratrol and curcumin) supplementation enhanced the JAK2 Formulation antioxidant capacity of ducks by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities [15,16]. Curcumin supplementation suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the activation of inflammasome in liver and kidney of mice and rats [17,18]. A study study reported the protective effects of curcumin on AFB1-induced liver harm by inhibition on the activity of CYP1A1 and AFB1-DNA adducts content material in liver [19]. Pauletto et al. (2020) reported equivalent results, whereby, curcumin supplementation protected the liver of broilers against mAChR1 review damage induced by AFB1 the inhibition of hepatic CYP2A6 gene expression [20]. Otherwise, curcumin has protective effects for the liver against damage induced by AFB1 by rising the activity of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., by upregulating antioxidant genes expression within the nuclear element erythroid 2-related issue two (NRF2) signaling pathway [5,21]. In addition, oxidation strain could activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and outcome in inflammation [22]. Pauletto et al. (2020) reported that curcumin supplementation inhibited inflammation by decreasing interleukin 1 (IL 1) content in liver induced by AFB1 [20]. Thus, curcumin supplementation has an ability to alleviate oxidation tension and inflammation induced by AFB1, however the application of curcumin as a feed additive for ducks to alleviate the harm of liver induced by AFB1 has not been researched. This study established an antioxidant duck model; we investigate the metabolic mechanism of the protective effects of dietary curcumin around the acute liver damage induced by AFB1. This study supplies a theoretical basis for the potential application of curcumin supplementation to safeguard avian overall health threatened by AFB1 administration. 2. Components and Approaches two.1. Chemical substances Curcumin (CAS: 458-37-7) was obtained from Nanjing NutriHerb BioTech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). AFB1 (CAS no. 1162-65-8) was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye BioTechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Antibodies were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) which includes GAPDH (catalog quantity: AG019), caspase-1 (catalog number: AF1681), NLRP3 (catalog quantity: AF2155), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)labeled Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (catalog number: A0216) and HRP-labeled Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (catalog quantity: A0208). two.two. Ducks and Husbandry All ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 450) aged 1 day were randomly assigned to 3 groups (Table S1). D
