Lternans and RyR2 RefractorinessFigure 1. Dynamic protocol for eliminating oscillations in pre-systolic SR Ca load. Panel A) indicates the moment where the protocol is activated while panel B) shows the intervals where the SERCA dynamics are modified to pump more strongly in order to make the level of SR Ca load reach the same level on each beat. In this case, this level corresponds to 0.83 mM, which is the maximum SR Ca load obtained before the Cy5 NHS Ester Activation of the clamping-protocol. Panel C) shows that, in this case, ITMN-191 site calcium alternans persists even when oscillations in pre-systolic SR Ca load are eliminated. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055042.gwithout affecting calcium release and uptake. In this clamping protocol a number of RyR2 channels are disabled at a time t0 before the following beat, with an acceleration of the recovery rate of the remaining RyR2s, so that the final recovery level of receptors before the calcium release is set to a given value Rclamp. The equations for the total number of states read: IzRIzRzO 1 for nTvtv(nz1)T{t0 ms ??IzRIzRzO RClamp for (nz1)T{t0 vtv(nz1)T ms??with the recovery rate changing form the original value to tr = 50 ms (kim = 0.02 ms21) in the last t0 before each external excitation. To make both the unclamped and clamped dynamics equivalent, Rclamp is taken to be the maximum number of presystolic non-inactivated channels obtained in the presence of alternans when no clamping protocol is used (see Figure 2B). In effect, this means disabling a ratio of 1- Rclamp at time (n+1)T-t0 and leaving Rclamp active as indicated in Eq. (4).Results Effect of RyR2 Activation and Inactivation on the Induction of AlternansTo validate the model, we first verified that changes in RyR2 activation and inactivation rates could produce alternans at fast pacing rates. Additionally, Picht et al [9] observed that calcium release increases with rest time, even if the content of the SR decreases (and the ICaL current has fully recovered), and they suggested that this post-rest potentiation is due to a slow recovery from refractoriness of RyR2 calcium release. In the current model,refractoriness is given by the recovery of the RyR2 from inactivation. We find that, for a recovery time of tr = 750 ms, the model reproduces qualitatively the post-rest potentiation of RyR2 calcium release, as shown in Figure S6 in Appendix S1. The original parameters in the Shannon model did not present calcium alternans at any frequency. However, Figure 3A shows that reduced activation and inactivation (ka = 8.5 mM22 ms21, ki = 0.17 mM21 ms21, or 85 and 35 of the original values), lead to calcium alternans. Alternans first appeared transiently when the pacing rate was increased from 3 Hz to 4 Hz, and thereafter became sustained at 5 Hz. Notice that changes in the RyR2 produced oscillations in the SR calcium loading despite the fact that neither changes in the loading properties of the SERCA pump, nor in the calsequestrin (CSQN) levels of the SR were introduced. Alternans was not only associated with oscillations in the SR calcium loading (cSR), but also with alternations in the level of recovered RyR2s ready to open on each stimulation. Subsequently, the model was used to examine how changes in the RyR2 activation-inactivation rates were able to induce alternans even at normal pacing rates (3 Hz). Figure 3 shows that cytosolic calcium alternans appears when either activation or inactivation rates are diminished. The onset of alternans appeared at di.Lternans and RyR2 RefractorinessFigure 1. Dynamic protocol for eliminating oscillations in pre-systolic SR Ca load. Panel A) indicates the moment where the protocol is activated while panel B) shows the intervals where the SERCA dynamics are modified to pump more strongly in order to make the level of SR Ca load reach the same level on each beat. In this case, this level corresponds to 0.83 mM, which is the maximum SR Ca load obtained before the activation of the clamping-protocol. Panel C) shows that, in this case, calcium alternans persists even when oscillations in pre-systolic SR Ca load are eliminated. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055042.gwithout affecting calcium release and uptake. In this clamping protocol a number of RyR2 channels are disabled at a time t0 before the following beat, with an acceleration of the recovery rate of the remaining RyR2s, so that the final recovery level of receptors before the calcium release is set to a given value Rclamp. The equations for the total number of states read: IzRIzRzO 1 for nTvtv(nz1)T{t0 ms ??IzRIzRzO RClamp for (nz1)T{t0 vtv(nz1)T ms??with the recovery rate changing form the original value to tr = 50 ms (kim = 0.02 ms21) in the last t0 before each external excitation. To make both the unclamped and clamped dynamics equivalent, Rclamp is taken to be the maximum number of presystolic non-inactivated channels obtained in the presence of alternans when no clamping protocol is used (see Figure 2B). In effect, this means disabling a ratio of 1- Rclamp at time (n+1)T-t0 and leaving Rclamp active as indicated in Eq. (4).Results Effect of RyR2 Activation and Inactivation on the Induction of AlternansTo validate the model, we first verified that changes in RyR2 activation and inactivation rates could produce alternans at fast pacing rates. Additionally, Picht et al [9] observed that calcium release increases with rest time, even if the content of the SR decreases (and the ICaL current has fully recovered), and they suggested that this post-rest potentiation is due to a slow recovery from refractoriness of RyR2 calcium release. In the current model,refractoriness is given by the recovery of the RyR2 from inactivation. We find that, for a recovery time of tr = 750 ms, the model reproduces qualitatively the post-rest potentiation of RyR2 calcium release, as shown in Figure S6 in Appendix S1. The original parameters in the Shannon model did not present calcium alternans at any frequency. However, Figure 3A shows that reduced activation and inactivation (ka = 8.5 mM22 ms21, ki = 0.17 mM21 ms21, or 85 and 35 of the original values), lead to calcium alternans. Alternans first appeared transiently when the pacing rate was increased from 3 Hz to 4 Hz, and thereafter became sustained at 5 Hz. Notice that changes in the RyR2 produced oscillations in the SR calcium loading despite the fact that neither changes in the loading properties of the SERCA pump, nor in the calsequestrin (CSQN) levels of the SR were introduced. Alternans was not only associated with oscillations in the SR calcium loading (cSR), but also with alternations in the level of recovered RyR2s ready to open on each stimulation. Subsequently, the model was used to examine how changes in the RyR2 activation-inactivation rates were able to induce alternans even at normal pacing rates (3 Hz). Figure 3 shows that cytosolic calcium alternans appears when either activation or inactivation rates are diminished. The onset of alternans appeared at di.
