D as housekeeping gene control. B, The mRNA expression of TRPCs in the lung cancer tissues obtained from smoker (20 cigarettes per day for more than 10 years, n = 11) and non-smoker (n 10781694 = 17). C, Example of two tissue microarrays with normal lung (N) and lung cancer (C) labels were stained with anti-TRPC1 antibody. The cell type and differentiation grade of each section were characterized by HE-staining. The two examples (11C and 9C) with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma were shown in the insets. The correlation of staining Thiazole Orange web intensity to other factors was shown in the table and the significance was assessed by Ridit analysis. * P,0.05, ** P,0.01, *** P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067637.ginflux, but had no effect on the Ca2+ release signal. Using wholecell patch recording, the current of A549 cells was not changed by acute perfusion with ATRA (Fig. 4C ). To investigate the potential direct effect of ATRA on TRPC channels, the HEK-293 cells inducibly expressing TRPCs were used for whole cell patch recording. The currents of TRPC3, 6 and TRPC4 currents were activated by trypsin or Gd3+ (100 mM) respectively. The currentvoltage relationship (IV) curves for these currents were similar to our previous report [29]. ATRA at 1 mM and 10 mM had no stimulating or blocking effect on these channels, but all these currents were blocked by the TRPC blocker 2-APB, suggesting that ATRA had no acute direct effect on Ca2+ current or Ca2+ influx through TRPC channels (Fig. 4F ). The chronic augmentation of Ca2+ influx in the ATRA treated A549 cells could be solely contributed by TRPC gene upregulation.Cell Differentiation Regulated by TRPC Channel ActivityThe differentiation of A549 lung cancer cells was assessed by Giemsa staining that can visualize chromosomes. Cell with nuclear Homatropine methobromide web mitosis displayed dark blue nucleus or twin nuclei staining (Fig. 5). ATRA (1 mM) significantly inhibited cell mitosis at 24 hours and 48 hours cell culture. The percentage of mitotic cells became less at 72 hours and 96 hours cell culture and the difference between the two groups showed no significance (Fig. 5B). The loss of statistic difference after 72 hours cell culture could be due to cell contact inhibition that occurred in the confluent cells after 3 to 4 days cell culture. Therefore, we assessed the effect of TRPC channel blockers on mitosis within 48-hour culture. The specificity and function of the TRPC pore blocking antibodies have been demonstrated in the previous studies [9,31,32,33]. Inhibition of TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6 channels by T1E3 and T367E3 antibodies significantly inhibited the mitosis, while the effects of T1E3 and T367E3 showed less effective after treatment with ATRA comparing to the groups treated with the boiled antibody or the group without addition of antibody.TRPC Channel and A549 Cell ProliferationCell differentiation and proliferation are two closely related cellular processes, therefore we also observed effect of TRPC channel activity on A549 cell proliferation. The cell number was increased by , 8-folds after 96-hour cell culture. ATRA (1 mM) significantly inhibited the cell proliferation after 72-hour and 96hour cell culture (Fig. 6A), suggesting the effect of ATRA on cell proliferation is a slow-onset process. However, the anti-proliferative effect by blocking TRPC channel activity was much faster and the significant difference was achieved within 24 hours after incubation with 2-APB, a non-selective TRPC channel blocker. The EC50 for 2-A.D as housekeeping gene control. B, The mRNA expression of TRPCs in the lung cancer tissues obtained from smoker (20 cigarettes per day for more than 10 years, n = 11) and non-smoker (n 10781694 = 17). C, Example of two tissue microarrays with normal lung (N) and lung cancer (C) labels were stained with anti-TRPC1 antibody. The cell type and differentiation grade of each section were characterized by HE-staining. The two examples (11C and 9C) with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma were shown in the insets. The correlation of staining intensity to other factors was shown in the table and the significance was assessed by Ridit analysis. * P,0.05, ** P,0.01, *** P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067637.ginflux, but had no effect on the Ca2+ release signal. Using wholecell patch recording, the current of A549 cells was not changed by acute perfusion with ATRA (Fig. 4C ). To investigate the potential direct effect of ATRA on TRPC channels, the HEK-293 cells inducibly expressing TRPCs were used for whole cell patch recording. The currents of TRPC3, 6 and TRPC4 currents were activated by trypsin or Gd3+ (100 mM) respectively. The currentvoltage relationship (IV) curves for these currents were similar to our previous report [29]. ATRA at 1 mM and 10 mM had no stimulating or blocking effect on these channels, but all these currents were blocked by the TRPC blocker 2-APB, suggesting that ATRA had no acute direct effect on Ca2+ current or Ca2+ influx through TRPC channels (Fig. 4F ). The chronic augmentation of Ca2+ influx in the ATRA treated A549 cells could be solely contributed by TRPC gene upregulation.Cell Differentiation Regulated by TRPC Channel ActivityThe differentiation of A549 lung cancer cells was assessed by Giemsa staining that can visualize chromosomes. Cell with nuclear mitosis displayed dark blue nucleus or twin nuclei staining (Fig. 5). ATRA (1 mM) significantly inhibited cell mitosis at 24 hours and 48 hours cell culture. The percentage of mitotic cells became less at 72 hours and 96 hours cell culture and the difference between the two groups showed no significance (Fig. 5B). The loss of statistic difference after 72 hours cell culture could be due to cell contact inhibition that occurred in the confluent cells after 3 to 4 days cell culture. Therefore, we assessed the effect of TRPC channel blockers on mitosis within 48-hour culture. The specificity and function of the TRPC pore blocking antibodies have been demonstrated in the previous studies [9,31,32,33]. Inhibition of TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6 channels by T1E3 and T367E3 antibodies significantly inhibited the mitosis, while the effects of T1E3 and T367E3 showed less effective after treatment with ATRA comparing to the groups treated with the boiled antibody or the group without addition of antibody.TRPC Channel and A549 Cell ProliferationCell differentiation and proliferation are two closely related cellular processes, therefore we also observed effect of TRPC channel activity on A549 cell proliferation. The cell number was increased by , 8-folds after 96-hour cell culture. ATRA (1 mM) significantly inhibited the cell proliferation after 72-hour and 96hour cell culture (Fig. 6A), suggesting the effect of ATRA on cell proliferation is a slow-onset process. However, the anti-proliferative effect by blocking TRPC channel activity was much faster and the significant difference was achieved within 24 hours after incubation with 2-APB, a non-selective TRPC channel blocker. The EC50 for 2-A.
